The gut microbiota, often referred to as the "second brain," plays a central role in our overall health, influencing both our immune system and metabolism. A disruption of this microbial ecosystem, known as dysbiosis, can lead to chronic inflammation and various gut disorders.
What is the gut microbiome ?
The gut microbiota is a collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, that reside in our digestive tract. These microorganisms play a crucial role in digestion, the production of certain vitamins (such as vitamin K and some B vitamins), and protection against pathogens.
In addition to supporting digestion, the microbiota contributes to the integrity of the intestinal barrier, preventing toxins and harmful bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
Dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation
Dysbiosis is an imbalance in the gut microbiota where some beneficial bacteria decrease while potentially harmful bacteria increase. This imbalance can be caused by various factors, including :
- Unbalanced diet : A diet high in sugars, saturated fats, and low in fiber negatively affects the microbiota.
- Stress : Chronic stress alters the microbial composition of the gut.
- Excessive use of antibiotics : Antibiotics destroy not only harmful bacteria but also beneficial ones.
- Lack of sleep and sedentary lifestyle : These factors also influence the microbiota and can promote dysbiosis.
Dysbiosis leads to increased intestinal permeability, a condition called leaky gut or "intestinal permeability syndrome." In this context, bacteria and toxins can pass through the intestinal barrier and trigger an inflammatory response. This phenomenon is associated with several inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Intolérances Alimentaires et Causes d’Inflammation
Food intolerances are a common cause of inflammation, particularly in the intestines. When an intolerant person consumes a food they are sensitive to, their immune system may respond inappropriately, perceiving the food as a potential threat. This reaction triggers an inflammatory response that can affect not only the digestive system but also other systems in the body.
Mechanisms of inflammation triggered by food intolerances
Dysbiosis : Repeated reactions due to intolerances can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, promoting the proliferation of harmful bacteria at the expense of beneficial strains. This imbalance sustains an inflammatory state that can worsen intolerance symptoms.
Activation of the immune system : When a poorly tolerated food (such as certain proteins from milk, eggs, peanuts, etc.) is detected, the body may release antibodies and other inflammatory components. These molecules stimulate mast cells and basophils, immune system cells, thereby triggering an inflammatory response.
Release of inflammatory mediators : This activation leads to the release of inflammatory molecules, such as histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6). These molecules can cause acute intolerance symptoms, such as digestive issues, skin rashes, itching, and swelling.
Intestinal inflammation : The intestine is particularly sensitive because it is the main entry point for poorly tolerated food components. Local inflammation damages the intestinal mucosa, increasing its permeability (leaky gut syndrome). This allows food particles and toxins to enter the bloodstream, triggering additional immune reactions and potentially leading to chronic inflammation.
Integrating probiotic strains to combat inflammation
Les Probiotics are known for their ability to modulate the gut microbiota and soothe inflammation, particularly in cases of food intolerances and inflammatory bowel diseases. Here is an overview of the most effective Probiotics strains for reducing inflammation :
1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is widely studied for its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. This strain helps restore the microbiota balance by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and limiting the growth of pathogens. It also stimulates regulatory T cells, which play a crucial role in reducing excessive immune reactions and inflammation.
2. Bifidobacterium longum
This strain is known for its beneficial effects on gut health and its ability to reduce systemic inflammation. Bifidobacterium longum reduces intestinal permeability by strengthening tight junctions between the cells of the intestinal wall, thereby limiting the passage of toxins and allergens into the bloodstream. It is particularly useful for individuals with food sensitivities and chronic inflammation.
3. Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactobacillus plantarum acts by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10. It also helps maintain a strong intestinal barrier, thereby reducing intestinal inflammation caused by food allergens. This strain is particularly recommended for chronic inflammatory bowel disorders.
4. Bifidobacterium lactis
This strain is effective in modulating immune responses related to food allergies. Bifidobacterium lactis improves tolerance to allergens by reducing the production of IgE, a type of antibody associated with allergic reactions. Additionally, it promotes a balanced microbiota and reduces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
5. Streptococcus thermophilus
Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid strain used in fermented dairy products. While it is not a traditional probiotic , it offers several benefits for gut health, particularly by aiding lactose digestion and improving digestive comfort. By lowering the pH in the intestine, it creates an unfavorable environment for pathogens and promotes a balanced gut microbiota, thus contributing to the reduction of inflammation.
Conclusion
Integrating specific probiotic strains into your diet or through supplements can be an effective strategy to reduce intestinal inflammation, particularly in cases of food allergies. By strengthening the microbiota, reducing intestinal permeability, and modulating immune responses, these strains help restore a healthy balance and soothe inflammatory reactions.
Scientific References
